Technical reference
Materials & grades
Composition, properties and equivalent notations for widely used carbon, alloy, structural and stainless steels.
114 grades
Carbon steels
Plain carbon steels from low-carbon 1008 to high-carbon 1095, where carbon content sets strength and hardenability.
1008
SAE 1008 is a very low-carbon steel with at most 0.10 % carbon, supplied as sheet, strip, wire and bar for deep drawing and cold forming.
- USA
- 1008
- UK
- CR4 / CS4
- EU
- DC01
- India
- 5C4
- Japan
- SWRM8
1010 / C10E
1010 is a low-carbon steel with about 0.10 % carbon, supplied as bar, wire and sheet for cold-formed, carburized and welded parts.
- USA
- 1010
- UK
- 045M10
- EU
- C10E
- India
- 10C4
- Japan
- S10C
1015 / C15E
1015 is a low-carbon steel with about 0.15 % carbon, used for case-hardened pins and shafts, cold-formed parts and welded work.
- USA
- 1015
- UK
- 080M15
- EU
- C15E
- India
- 15C4
- Japan
- S15C
1018
1018 is a low-carbon, non-alloy steel with 0.15–0.20 % carbon and 0.60–0.90 % manganese, widely used as cold-drawn bar for machined and case-hardened parts.
- USA
- 1018
- UK
- 080A17
- EU
- C16E
- India
- 15C8
- Japan
- S17C
1020 / C22E
1020 is a low-carbon steel with about 0.20 % carbon, used for shafts, pins, brackets and welded or case-hardened parts.
- USA
- 1020
- UK
- 070M20
- EU
- C22E
- India
- 20C8
- Japan
- S20C
1025 / C25E
1025 is a low-carbon steel with about 0.25 % carbon, stronger than 1020 and still weldable, used for shafts, studs and forgings.
- USA
- 1025
- UK
- 070M26
- EU
- C25E
- India
- 25C8
- Japan
- S25C
1030 / C30
1030 is a plain medium-carbon steel with about 0.30 % carbon and 0.60–0.90 % manganese, used hot rolled, normalized or quenched and tempered for shafts, studs and general machined parts.
- USA
- 1030
- UK
- 080M30
- EU
- C30
- India
- 30C8
- Japan
- S30C
1035 / C35
1035 is a plain medium-carbon steel with about 0.35 % carbon and 0.60–0.90 % manganese, supplied hot rolled, normalized or quenched and tempered for shafts, studs and forgings.
- USA
- 1035
- UK
- 080M36
- EU
- C35
- India
- 35C8
- Japan
- S35C
1040 / C40 / EN8
1040, C40, EN8 (080M40), 40C8 and S40C are closely related medium-carbon steels with about 0.40 % carbon, used for shafts, axles, studs and forgings that need more strength than mild steel.
- USA
- 1040
- UK
- 080M40
- EU
- C40
- India
- 40C8
- Japan
- S40C
1045 / C45
1045 is a medium-carbon steel with about 0.45 % carbon, supplied hot rolled, normalized or quenched and tempered for shafts, pins, gears and forgings.
- USA
- 1045
- UK
- 080M46
- EU
- C45
- India
- 45C8
- Japan
- S45C
1050 / C50
1050 is a plain medium-carbon steel with about 0.50 % carbon and 0.60–0.90 % manganese, used normalized or quenched and tempered for shafts, gears and parts that are flame or induction hardened.
- USA
- 1050
- UK
- 080M50
- EU
- C50
- India
- 50C8
- Japan
- S50C
1055 / C55
1055 is a plain carbon steel with about 0.55 % carbon and 0.60–0.90 % manganese, used normalized or quenched and tempered where high strength and surface hardness are needed.
- USA
- 1055
- UK
- 070M55
- EU
- C55
- India
- 55C8
- Japan
- S55C
1060 / C60
1060 is a high-carbon steel with about 0.60 % carbon, supplied hot rolled, annealed or normalized for parts that need a hard, wear-resistant surface or a spring-like temper.
- USA
- 1060
- UK
- 080A62
- EU
- C60
- India
- 60C4
- Japan
- S60C
1070 / 070A72
1070 is a high-carbon steel with about 0.70 % carbon, used for springs, spring wire, blades and wear parts after hardening and tempering.
- USA
- 1070
- UK
- 070A72
- EU
- C67S (1.1231)
- India
- 70C6
- Japan
- S70C
1080 / 80C6
1080 is a high-carbon steel with about 0.80 % carbon, used for spring strip, blades, tools and wear parts after hardening and tempering.
- USA
- 1080
- UK
- 060A83
- EU
- C85S (1.1269)
- India
- 80C6
- Japan
- SWRH82A / SWRH82B
1095 / C100S
1095 is a high-carbon steel with about 0.95 % carbon, used for knives, blades, flat springs and hardened wear parts.
- USA
- 1095
- UK
- 060A96
- EU
- C100S
- India
- 98C6
- Japan
- SK95 (formerly SK4)
Free-machining steels
Resulfurized and leaded grades made to cut fast with short chips, for turned parts in volume.
1117 / 15SMn13
1117 is a resulfurized low-carbon steel with 0.14–0.20 % carbon, 1.00–1.30 % manganese and 0.08–0.13 % sulfur.
- USA
- 1117
- UK
- 214M15
- EU
- 15SMn13
- India
- 14C14S14
- Japan
- SUM31
1144 / 44SMn28
1144 is a resulfurized medium-carbon steel with 0.40–0.48 % carbon, 1.35–1.65 % manganese and 0.24–0.33 % sulfur.
- USA
- 1144
- UK
- 226M44
- EU
- 44SMn28
- India
- 40C15S12
- Japan
- SUM43
1215 / 11SMn37
1215 is a resulfurized and rephosphorized low-carbon screw-machine steel with up to 0.09 % carbon, 0.26–0.35 % sulfur and 0.04–0.09 % phosphorus.
- USA
- 1215
- UK
- 240M07
- EU
- 11SMn37
- India
- 11C10S25
- Japan
- SUM23
12L14 / 11SMnPb30
12L14 is a resulfurized and rephosphorized low-carbon steel with 0.15–0.35 % lead added, rated about 170 % machinability against 1212 at 100 %.
- USA
- 12L14
- UK
- 230M07 Pb
- EU
- 11SMnPb30
- India
- 11C10S25 (lead by agreement)
- Japan
- SUM24L
Alloy and case-hardening steels
Chromium, molybdenum and nickel steels for quenched and tempered or carburized parts.
4130 / 25CrMo4
4130 is a low-alloy chromium-molybdenum steel with about 0.30 % carbon, used normalized or hardened and tempered for tubing, shafts and welded structures.
- USA
- 4130
- UK
- 708A25
- EU
- 25CrMo4
- India
- 30Cr4Mo2
- Japan
- SCM430
4135 / 34CrMo4
4135 is a chromium-molybdenum steel with about 0.35 % carbon, hardened and tempered for crankshafts, axles and other highly stressed parts.
- USA
- 4135
- UK
- 708A37
- EU
- 34CrMo4
- India
- 35Cr4Mo2
- Japan
- SCM435
4140 / 42CrMo4
AISI 4140 is a medium-carbon chromium-molybdenum alloy steel, normally used hardened and tempered for shafts, gears and high-strength bolts.
- USA
- 4140
- UK
- 708M40
- EU
- 42CrMo4
- India
- 42Cr4Mo2
- Japan
- SCM440
4145
SAE 4145 is a medium-carbon chromium-molybdenum alloy steel, the higher-carbon relative of 4140, with 0.43–0.48% carbon.
- USA
- 4145
- UK
- 708M40
- EU
- 50CrMo4 (1.7228)
- India
- 42Cr4Mo2
- Japan
- SCM445
4150 / 50CrMo4
SAE 4150 is a higher-carbon chromium-molybdenum alloy steel with 0.48–0.53% carbon, used hardened and tempered for shafts, gears and firearm barrels.
- USA
- 4150
- UK
- 708A47
- EU
- 50CrMo4
- Japan
- SCM445
4340 / EN24
AISI 4340 is a medium-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy steel, used hardened and tempered where high strength and toughness are needed in large sections.
- USA
- 4340
- UK
- 817M40
- EU
- 34CrNiMo6
- India
- 40Ni6Cr4Mo3
- Japan
- SNCM439
5140 / 41Cr4
5140 is a medium-carbon chromium steel with about 0.40 % carbon, hardened and tempered for shafts, axles and steering parts.
- USA
- 5140
- UK
- 530M40
- EU
- 41Cr4
- India
- 41Cr3
- Japan
- SCr440
6150 / 51CrV4
6150 is a chromium-vanadium alloy steel with about 0.50 % carbon, hardened and tempered for springs, gears, shafts and pinions.
- USA
- 6150
- UK
- 735A51
- EU
- 51CrV4
- India
- 50Cr4V2
- Japan
- SUP10
8640 / SNCM240
SAE 8640 is a medium-carbon nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloy steel with 0.38–0.43% carbon, used oil-quenched and tempered for shafts, axles and forged parts.
- USA
- 8640
- UK
- 945M38
- EU
- 40NiCrMo2-2 (1.6546)
- Japan
- SNCM240
16MnCr5
16MnCr5 (1.7131) is a manganese-chromium case-hardening steel with 0.14–0.19 % carbon, used for gears, shafts and camshafts that are carburized and hardened.
- USA
- 5115
- UK
- 527M17
- EU
- 16MnCr5
- India
- 16Mn5Cr4
- Japan
- SCr415
18CrNiMo7-6
18CrNiMo7-6 (1.6587) is a chromium-nickel-molybdenum case-hardening steel with 0.15–0.21% carbon, used for heavily loaded gears and transmission parts.
- USA
- 4320
- UK
- 822M17
- EU
- 18CrNiMo7-6
- India
- 16Ni6Cr7Mo3
- Japan
- SNCM420
20MnCr5
20MnCr5 (1.7147) is a manganese-chromium case-hardening steel with 0.17–0.22 % carbon and a higher core strength than 16MnCr5, used for gears, shafts and cam parts.
- USA
- 5120
- EU
- 20MnCr5
- India
- 20Mn5Cr5
- Japan
- SCr420
655M13 / EN36A
655M13, formerly EN36A, is a UK case-hardening steel with about 3.25 % nickel and 0.8 % chromium, used for heavily loaded gears and shafts in large sections.
- USA
- 3310
- UK
- 655M13
- EU
- 15NiCr13
- India
- 13Ni13Cr3
- Japan
- SNC815
815M17 / EN353
815M17 (formerly EN353) is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum case-hardening steel with 0.14–0.20% carbon, still ordered by its BS 970 name.
- USA
- 4320
- UK
- 815M17
- EU
- 17NiCrMo6-4
- India
- 15Ni5Cr4Mo1
- Japan
- SNCM420
4320 / SNCM420
SAE 4320 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum case-hardening steel with 0.17–0.22% carbon and 1.65–2.00% nickel, carburized to give a hard case over a tough core.
- USA
- 4320
- EU
- 20NiCrMo7 (Ovako 157)
- India
- 20Ni7Cr2Mo2
- Japan
- SNCM420
8620 / 20NiCrMo2-2
8620 is a low-alloy nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel with about 0.20 % carbon, supplied for carburizing to give a hard case over a tough core in gears, shafts and pins.
- USA
- 8620
- UK
- 805M20
- EU
- 20NiCrMo2-2
- India
- 20Ni2Cr2Mo2
- Japan
- SNCM220
9310
9310 is a nickel-chromium-molybdenum carburizing steel with about 0.10 % carbon and 3.25 % nickel, used for highly stressed aerospace gears and shafts.
- USA
- 9310
- UK
- EN36C
- EU
- 10NiCrMo13-5
- India
- 13Ni13Cr3
- Japan
- SNCM815
31CrMoV9
31CrMoV9 (1.8519) is a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium nitriding steel with 0.27–0.34% carbon and 2.30–2.70% chromium, supplied quenched and tempered and nitrided after machining.
- USA
- AMS 6470
- EU
- 31CrMoV9
- Japan
- SACM645
52100 / 100Cr6
52100 is a high-carbon chromium steel with about 1 % carbon and 1.5 % chromium that through-hardens to about 62 HRC, used for rolling bearings, balls and rollers.
- USA
- 52100
- UK
- 535A99
- EU
- 100Cr6
- India
- 103Cr6
- Japan
- SUJ2
Structural and plate steels
Weldable steels ordered by yield strength for frames, plates and fabrications.
A36 / S275JR / E250
ASTM A36, EN S275JR, IS 2062 E250 and JIS SS400 are the general-purpose hot-rolled structural steels of the USA, Europe, India and Japan, with a minimum yield of roughly 245–275 MPa (36–40 ksi).
- USA
- A36
- UK
- S275JR
- EU
- S275JR
- India
- E250 (A, BR, B0, C)
- Japan
- SS400
S235JR
S235JR is the lowest-strength general structural steel in EN 10025-2, with a minimum yield of 235 MPa (34 ksi) and a tensile strength of 360–510 MPa.
- USA
- A283 Grade C
- UK
- S235JR
- EU
- S235JR
- India
- E250 (A, BR)
- Japan
- SS400
S355J2
S355J2 is a common higher-strength structural steel of EN 10025-2, with a minimum yield of 355 MPa (51 ksi) up to 16 mm and a tensile strength of 470–630 MPa.
- USA
- A572 Grade 50
- UK
- S355JR
- EU
- S355JR
- India
- E350 (A, BR, B0, C)
- Japan
- SM490A / SM490B / SM490C
A572 Grade 50
ASTM A572 Grade 50 is a high-strength low-alloy structural steel with a minimum yield of 345 MPa (50 ksi) and a minimum tensile strength of 450 MPa (65 ksi).
- USA
- A572 Grade 50
- UK
- S355JR / S355J2
- EU
- S355JR
- India
- E350 (A, BR, B0, C)
- Japan
- SM490A / SM490B / SM490C
A992
ASTM A992 is the standard steel for rolled wide-flange (W) shapes in the USA, with a yield strength of 345–450 MPa (50–65 ksi), a minimum tensile strength of 450 MPa (65 ksi) and a yield-to-tensile ratio of 0.85 or less.
- USA
- A992
- UK
- S355J2
- EU
- S355J2
- India
- E350 (A, BR, B0, C)
- Japan
- SN490B
S420 / E410
S420N and S420M are fine-grain weldable structural steels of EN 10025-3 and EN 10025-4 with a minimum yield of 420 MPa (61 ksi) up to 16 mm.
- USA
- A572 Grade 60
- UK
- S420N / S420NL
- EU
- S420N
- India
- E410 (A, BR, B0, C)
- Japan
- SM520B / SM520C
S460 / A572 Gr 65
S460 is a fine-grain structural steel with a 460 MPa minimum yield, supplied normalized (N, NL) to EN 10025-3 or thermomechanically rolled (M, ML) to EN 10025-4.
- USA
- A572 Grade 65
- UK
- S460N / S460NL
- EU
- S460N / S460NL
- India
- E450 (A, BR)
- Japan
- SM570
A588 / S355J2W
ASTM A588 is a high-strength low-alloy structural steel with a 50 ksi (345 MPa) minimum yield and added copper and chromium that let it build a protective rust layer in open air.
- USA
- A588 Grade A / Grade B
- UK
- S355J0W / S355J2W / S355K2W
- EU
- S355J2W
- India
- WR-Fe 480A / WR-Fe 480B
- Japan
- SMA490AW / BW / CW
A514 / S690QL
ASTM A514 and EN 10025-6 S690Q, S690QL and S690QL1 are quenched and tempered alloy steel plates with a minimum yield of about 690 MPa (100 ksi) up to 50–65 mm thick.
- USA
- A514 (Grades B, E, F, H, Q, S and others)
- UK
- S690Q / S690QL / S690QL1
- EU
- S690Q / S690QL / S690QL1
- India
- E650 (A, BR)
- Japan
- SHY685 (also SHY685N, SHY685NS)
A516 Gr 70 / P355GH
ASTM A516 Grade 70 (ASME SA-516 Grade 70) is a carbon-manganese steel plate for welded pressure vessels and boilers in moderate and lower-temperature service, with 70–90 ksi (485–620 MPa) tensile strength and a 38 ksi (260 MPa) minimum yield.
- USA
- A516 Grade 70 (A516M Grade 485)
- UK
- P355GH
- EU
- P355GH
- India
- Grade 3
- Japan
- SGV480
Pipe and tube steels
Line pipe, pressure pipe and structural hollow sections.
A53 Grade B
ASTM A53 Grade B is the general-purpose US carbon steel pipe for water, gas, air and low-pressure steam, supplied black or hot-dip galvanized, welded (Type E) or seamless (Type S), with a 240 MPa (35 ksi) minimum yield and 415 MPa (60 ksi) minimum tensile strength.
- USA
- A53 Grade B
- UK
- S195T
- EU
- S195T
- India
- Mild steel tubes (light, medium, heavy)
- Japan
- SGP
A106 Grade B
ASTM A106 Grade B (ASME SA-106) is the standard seamless carbon steel pipe for high-temperature service in refineries, power plants and process lines, with a 240 MPa (35 ksi) minimum yield and 415 MPa (60 ksi) minimum tensile strength.
- USA
- A106 Grade B
- UK
- P265GH
- EU
- P265GH
- Japan
- STPT410
API 5L X42 / L290
API 5L X42 (ISO 3183 L290) is a line pipe grade with a minimum yield strength of 290 MPa (42.1 ksi).
- USA
- X42
- UK
- L290R / L290N / L290Q / L290M
- EU
- L290R / L290N / L290Q / L290M
- India
- X42
- Japan
- X42 / L290
API 5L X52 / L360
API 5L X52 (ISO 3183 L360) is a line pipe grade with a minimum yield strength of 360 MPa (52.2 ksi).
- USA
- X52
- UK
- L360N / L360Q / L360M
- EU
- L360N / L360Q / L360M
- India
- X52
- Japan
- X52 / L360
API 5L X60 / L415
API 5L X60 (ISO 3183 L415) is a line pipe grade with a minimum yield strength of 415 MPa (60.2 ksi).
- USA
- X60
- UK
- L415N / L415Q / L415M
- EU
- L415N / L415Q / L415M
- India
- X60
- Japan
- X60 / L415
API 5L X65 / L450
API 5L X65 (ISO 3183 L450) is a line pipe grade with a minimum yield strength of 450 MPa (65.3 ksi).
- USA
- X65
- UK
- L450Q / L450M
- EU
- L450Q / L450M
- India
- X65
- Japan
- X65 / L450
API 5L X70 / L485
API 5L X70 (ISO 3183 L485) is a line pipe grade with a minimum yield strength of 485 MPa (70.3 ksi).
- USA
- X70
- UK
- L485Q / L485M
- EU
- L485Q / L485M
- India
- X70
- Japan
- X70 / L485
A500 Grade B / C
ASTM A500 covers cold-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tubing in rounds and shapes; Grade C is the usual choice for US hollow structural sections (HSS), with a 345 MPa (50 ksi) minimum yield for all shapes since the 2021 edition (round tubes were 315 MPa, 46 ksi, before).
- USA
- A500 Grade C
- UK
- S355J2H
- EU
- S355J2H
- India
- Yst 310
- Japan
- STKR400
IS Yst 310
Yst 310 is the common Indian structural steel tube grade, with a 310 MPa (45 ksi) minimum yield and a 450 MPa (65 ksi) minimum tensile strength, made to IS 1161 for circular tubes and IS 4923 for square, rectangular and circular hollow sections.
- USA
- A500 Grade B
- UK
- S275J0H / S355J2H
- EU
- S275J0H
- India
- IS 1161 Yst 310
- Japan
- STK400 / STK490
S355J2H
S355J2H (1.0576) is the standard European structural hollow section grade: a non-alloy steel with 355 MPa minimum yield, 470–630 MPa tensile strength and 27 J impact energy at −20 °C, made cold formed to EN 10219-1 or hot finished to EN 10210-1.
- USA
- A500 Grade C
- UK
- S355J2H
- EU
- S355J2H
- India
- Yst 355
- Japan
- STKR490
Sheet and strip
Hot-rolled, cold-rolled and coated sheet grades for forming and pressing.
DD11 / SPHC
DD11 (1.0332) is the commercial-quality grade of EN 10111, a low-carbon hot-rolled strip made for cold forming.
- USA
- CS Type B
- UK
- DD11
- EU
- DD11
- India
- HR1
- Japan
- SPHC
DD12 / SPHD
DD12 (1.0398) is the drawing-quality grade of EN 10111, a hot-rolled low-carbon strip with lower carbon and more elongation than DD11.
- USA
- DS Type B
- UK
- DD12
- EU
- DD12
- India
- HR2
- Japan
- SPHD
DD13 / SPHE
DD13 (1.0335) is the deep-drawing grade of EN 10111, a hot-rolled low-carbon strip with the highest elongation below DD14.
- USA
- DS Type B
- UK
- DD13
- EU
- DD13
- India
- HR3
- Japan
- SPHE
S355MC
S355MC (1.0976) is a thermomechanically rolled high-strength steel strip to EN 10149-2 with a minimum yield of 355 MPa, made for cold forming and bending.
- USA
- HSLAS Grade 50 (Class 1 and 2)
- UK
- S355MC
- EU
- S355MC
- India
- Grade 355
- Japan
- SPFH540
DC01 / SPCC
DC01 (1.0330) is the commercial-quality cold-rolled low-carbon steel sheet of EN 10130, used for bending, profiling and light forming.
- USA
- CS Type B
- UK
- DC01
- EU
- DC01
- India
- CR1 (commercial)
- Japan
- SPCC
DC03 / SPCD
DC03 (1.0347) is the drawing-quality cold-rolled low-carbon steel sheet of EN 10130, used for pressed and drawn parts of moderate depth.
- USA
- DS Type B
- UK
- DC03
- EU
- DC03
- India
- CR2 (D, drawing)
- Japan
- SPCD
DC04 / SPCE
DC04 (1.0338) is the deep-drawing cold-rolled low-carbon steel sheet of EN 10130, the usual choice for automotive and appliance pressings.
- USA
- DDS
- UK
- DC04
- EU
- DC04
- India
- CR3 (DD, deep drawing)
- Japan
- SPCE
DC05 / SPCF
DC05 (1.0312) is the extra-deep-drawing cold-rolled low-carbon steel sheet of EN 10130, for the most demanding pressings short of IF steel.
- USA
- EDDS
- UK
- DC05
- EU
- DC05
- India
- CR4 (EDD, extra deep drawing)
- Japan
- SPCF
DC06 / SPCG
DC06 (1.0873) is the titanium-stabilized interstitial-free (IF) cold-rolled steel sheet of EN 10130, made for the most severe deep draws without stretcher-strain marks.
- USA
- EDDS
- UK
- DC06
- EU
- DC06
- India
- CR5 (IF, stabilized interstitial free)
- Japan
- SPCG
DX51D / 1.0226
DX51D+Z (1.0226) is the commercial-quality hot-dip galvanized sheet steel of EN 10346, used for roofing, cladding, ducting and other parts that are bent or roll-formed but not deep drawn.
- USA
- G90
- UK
- DX51D+Z
- EU
- DX51D+Z
- India
- 275
- Japan
- Z27
DX53D / 1.0355
DX53D+Z (1.0355) is the deep-drawing quality of hot-dip galvanized steel in EN 10346, with a yield of 140–260 MPa, tensile strength of 270–380 MPa and at least 30 % elongation (A80).
- USA
- DDS (Type A)
- UK
- DX53D+Z
- EU
- DX53D+Z
- India
- GPD (Deep drawing)
- Japan
- SGCD2 (Deep drawing)
S350GD / 1.0529
S350GD+Z (1.0529) is the structural quality of hot-dip galvanized steel in EN 10346, with a minimum yield of 350 MPa, tensile strength of at least 420 MPa and elongation of at least 16 % (A80).
- USA
- SS Grade 50 Class 1
- UK
- S350GD+Z
- EU
- S350GD+Z
- India
- GP350 Class-1
- Japan
- SGC440
Stainless steels
Austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, duplex and precipitation-hardening grades.
201 / 1.4372
AISI 201 is a low-nickel austenitic stainless steel that replaces part of the nickel in 304 with manganese and nitrogen, giving higher strength at a lower alloy cost.
- USA
- 201
- UK
- 284S16
- EU
- X12CrMnNiN17-7-5
- India
- X10Cr17Mn6Ni4N20
- Japan
- SUS201
301 / 1.4310
Type 301 is a lean 17Cr-7Ni austenitic stainless steel that work hardens very quickly, so cold-rolled strip and wire reach high strength for springs, rail cars and formed parts.
- USA
- 301
- UK
- 301S21
- EU
- X10CrNi18-8
- India
- X10Cr17Ni7
- Japan
- SUS301
303 / 1.4305
Type 303 is the free-machining version of 304-type austenitic stainless steel, with added sulfur for high-speed screw machining.
- USA
- 303
- UK
- 303S31
- EU
- X8CrNiS18-9
- Japan
- SUS303
304 / 1.4301
Type 304 is the standard 18/8 austenitic stainless steel, with about 18% chromium and 8% nickel, and the most widely used stainless grade.
- USA
- 304
- UK
- 304S31
- EU
- X5CrNi18-10
- India
- X04Cr19Ni9
- Japan
- SUS304
304L / 1.4307
304L is the low-carbon version of 304 stainless steel, with carbon limited to 0.030 % so welds do not lose corrosion resistance.
- USA
- 304L
- UK
- 304S11
- EU
- X2CrNi18-9
- India
- X02Cr19Ni10
- Japan
- SUS304L
309 / 309S
309 is a heat-resisting austenitic stainless steel with about 23 % chromium and 13 % nickel, used for furnace parts and hot equipment up to roughly 1000 °C in air.
- USA
- 309S
- UK
- 309S24
- EU
- X12CrNi23-13
- India
- X15Cr24Ni13
- Japan
- SUS309S
310 / 310S
310 is an austenitic stainless steel with 24–26 % chromium and 19–22 % nickel, built for furnace and process equipment at temperatures where 304 and 309 scale.
- USA
- 310S
- UK
- 310S16
- EU
- X8CrNi25-21
- India
- X04Cr25Ni20
- Japan
- SUS310S
316 / 1.4401
Type 316 is the standard molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel, with about 2% molybdenum for better resistance to chlorides than 304.
- USA
- 316
- UK
- 316S31
- EU
- X5CrNiMo17-12-2
- India
- X04Cr17Ni12Mo2
- Japan
- SUS316
316L
316L is the low-carbon version of 316 stainless steel: the same molybdenum-bearing austenitic analysis with carbon held to 0.03 % or less.
- USA
- 316L
- UK
- 316S11
- EU
- X2CrNiMo17-12-2
- India
- X02Cr17Ni12Mo2
- Japan
- SUS316L
316Ti / 1.4571
316Ti is a titanium-stabilized version of 316 stainless steel: the same 16–18 % chromium, 10–14 % nickel and 2–3 % molybdenum analysis with titanium added to tie up carbon.
- USA
- 316Ti
- UK
- 320S31
- EU
- X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2
- India
- X04Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti2
- Japan
- SUS316Ti
321
321 is a titanium-stabilized 18/8 austenitic stainless steel that resists intergranular corrosion after heating in the 425–850 °C range.
- USA
- 321
- UK
- 321S31
- EU
- X6CrNiTi18-10
- India
- X04Cr18Ni10Ti
- Japan
- SUS321
347 / 1.4550
347 is a niobium-stabilized 18-10 austenitic stainless steel, the same family as 304 and 321.
- USA
- 347
- UK
- 347S31
- EU
- X6CrNiNb18-10
- India
- X04Cr18Ni10Nb
- Japan
- SUS347
904L / 1.4539
904L is a high-alloy austenitic stainless steel with about 20 % chromium, 25 % nickel, 4.5 % molybdenum and 1.5 % copper.
- USA
- 904L
- UK
- 904S13
- EU
- X1NiCrMoCu25-20-5
- Japan
- SUS890L
409 / 1.4512
409 is a low-cost ferritic stainless steel with about 11 % chromium and a titanium addition, made mainly as sheet for vehicle exhaust systems.
- USA
- 409
- UK
- 409S19
- EU
- X2CrTi12
- India
- X04Cr11Ti
- Japan
- SUH409L
430 / 1.4016
430 is a 17 % chromium ferritic stainless steel that is magnetic, cannot be hardened by heat treatment and resists corrosion in mild environments.
- USA
- 430
- UK
- 430S17
- EU
- X6Cr17
- India
- X07Cr17
- Japan
- SUS430
410 / 1.4006
410 is the basic 12 % chromium martensitic stainless steel, hardenable by quenching and tempering and magnetic in every condition.
- USA
- 410
- UK
- 410S21
- EU
- X12Cr13
- India
- X12Cr12
- Japan
- SUS410
416 / 1.4005
416 is the free-machining version of 410 martensitic stainless steel, with about 13 % chromium and added sulfur so that it machines fast and can still be hardened.
- USA
- 416
- UK
- 416S21
- EU
- X12CrS13
- India
- X12Cr12 (free-cutting variety)
- Japan
- SUS416
420 / 1.4021
420 is a higher-carbon version of 410, a 12–14 % chromium martensitic stainless steel that hardens to about 50 HRC and is magnetic.
- USA
- 420
- UK
- 420S37
- EU
- X20Cr13
- India
- X20Cr13
- Japan
- SUS420J1
431 / 1.4057
431 is a nickel-bearing 16 % chromium martensitic stainless steel with the best corrosion resistance and toughness of the hardenable 400 series.
- USA
- 431
- UK
- 431S29
- EU
- X17CrNi16-2
- India
- X15Cr16Ni2
- Japan
- SUS431
440C / 1.4125
440C is a martensitic stainless steel with about 17 % chromium and 1 % carbon that reaches 58–60 HRC after hardening and tempering, among the hardest of the stainless grades.
- USA
- 440C
- EU
- X105CrMo17
- India
- X108Cr17Mo
- Japan
- SUS440C
15-5PH / S15500
15-5PH is a martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel, with about 15 % chromium, 5 % nickel and added copper, that gains its strength from a single low-temperature aging treatment.
- USA
- 15-5PH
- EU
- X5CrNiCu15-5
- Japan
- SUS630
17-4PH / 630
17-4PH is a martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel with 17 % chromium, 4 % nickel and 4 % copper that ages to over 1300 MPa tensile strength.
- USA
- 630
- EU
- X5CrNiCuNb16-4
- Japan
- SUS630
2205 / 1.4462
2205 is the most widely used duplex (ferritic-austenitic) stainless steel, with 22 % chromium, 5 % nickel and 3 % molybdenum, more than twice the yield strength of 316L and better chloride resistance.
- USA
- 2205
- UK
- 318S13
- EU
- X2CrNiMoN22-5-3
- Japan
- SUS329J3L
2507 / 1.4410
2507 is a super duplex stainless steel with 25 % chromium, 7 % nickel, 4 % molybdenum and added nitrogen, with a pitting resistance equivalent (PREN) of at least 40.
- USA
- 2507
- EU
- X2CrNiMoN25-7-4
- Japan
- SUS327L1
Tool steels
Cold-work, hot-work, shock-resisting, mold and high-speed steels.
A2 / 1.2363
A2 is an air-hardening 5 % chromium cold-work tool steel with about 1 % carbon, hardened to about 57–63 HRC for punches, dies and gauges that need good dimensional stability.
- USA
- A2
- UK
- X100CrMoV5
- EU
- X100CrMoV5
- India
- X100CrMoV5
- Japan
- SKD12
D2 / 1.2379
D2 is a high-carbon, 12 % chromium cold-work tool steel that is hardened to about 58–62 HRC for dies, punches, shear blades and thread-rolling tools.
- USA
- D2
- UK
- X153CrMoV12
- EU
- X153CrMoV12
- India
- X153CrMoV12
- Japan
- SKD11
D3 / 1.2080
D3 is a 2 % carbon, 12 % chromium cold-work tool steel that is oil hardened to about 60–64 HRC for blanking dies, thread-rolling dies and wear parts.
- USA
- D3
- UK
- X210Cr12
- EU
- X210Cr12
- India
- X210Cr12
- Japan
- SKD1
O1 / 1.2510
O1 is an oil-hardening manganese–chromium–tungsten tool steel with about 0.9–1.0 % carbon, hardened to about 58–64 HRC for cutting tools, gauges and general-purpose dies.
- USA
- O1
- UK
- BO1
- EU
- 100MnCrW4
- India
- 95MnWCr5
- Japan
- SKS3
S7
S7 is an air-hardening shock-resisting tool steel with about 0.5 % carbon, 3.25 % chromium and 1.4 % molybdenum that keeps high toughness at about 55–60 HRC, used for chisels, punches, heading dies and shear blades.
- USA
- S7
- UK
- 50CrMoV13-15
- EU
- 50CrMoV13-15
- India
- 50CrMoV13-15
H11 / 1.2343
H11 is a 5 % chromium hot-work tool steel with molybdenum and a low vanadium content, used for die-casting dies, forging dies and extrusion tooling where toughness matters more than hot wear resistance.
- USA
- H11
- UK
- BH11
- EU
- X37CrMoV5-1
- India
- X37CrMoV5-1
- Japan
- SKD6
H13 / 1.2344
H13 is the standard 5 % chromium hot-work tool steel, used for die-casting dies, forging dies and extrusion tooling that see repeated heating and cooling.
- USA
- H13
- UK
- BH13
- EU
- X40CrMoV5-1
- India
- X40CrMoV5-1
- Japan
- SKD61
M2 / HS6-5-2C
M2 is the most widely used molybdenum high-speed steel, with about 0.85–0.9 % carbon, 6 % tungsten, 5 % molybdenum, 4 % chromium and 2 % vanadium.
- USA
- M2
- UK
- BM2
- EU
- HS6-5-2C
- India
- HS6-5-2C
- Japan
- SKH51
M42 / HS2-9-1-8
M42 is a cobalt-molybdenum high-speed steel with about 1.1 % carbon, 9.5 % molybdenum and 8 % cobalt, hardened to 65–68 HRC for tools that cut hard or heat-resistant materials.
- USA
- M42
- UK
- BM42
- EU
- HS2-9-1-8
- India
- HS2-9-1-8
- Japan
- SKH59
P20 / 1.2311
P20 is a low-alloy chromium-molybdenum mold steel supplied pre-hardened at about 28–34 HRC (280–325 HB), so plastic injection molds and mold bases can be machined without a further hardening step.
- USA
- P20
- UK
- BP20
- EU
- 1.2311
- India
- 40CrMnNiMo8-6-4
- Japan
- PX5 / PXA30
Spring steels
High-carbon and alloy grades for springs, clips and wire.
1075 / C75S
1075 is a plain high-carbon steel with 0.70–0.80 % carbon, used for spring strip, blades and stamped parts after hardening and tempering.
- USA
- 1075
- UK
- 070A78
- EU
- C75S
- India
- 75C6
- Japan
- S75C
5160 / 55Cr3
5160 is a chromium spring steel with 0.56–0.64 % carbon and 0.70–0.90 % chromium, hardened and tempered for leaf and coil springs.
- USA
- 5160
- UK
- 527A60
- EU
- 55Cr3
- India
- 55Cr3
- Japan
- SUP9A
9254 / 54SiCr6
9254 is a chromium-silicon spring steel with about 0.55 % carbon and 1.2–1.6 % silicon, hardened and tempered for suspension and valve springs.
- USA
- 9254
- UK
- 685A57
- EU
- 54SiCr6
- Japan
- SUP12
A228 music wire
A228 is ASTM's music spring quality wire: cold-drawn high-carbon steel wire with 0.70–1.00 % carbon and tensile strength that rises steeply as the diameter falls.
- USA
- A228/A228M
- UK
- SH / DH
- EU
- SH / DH
- India
- SH / DH
- Japan
- SWP-A / SWP-B
Bolting steels
Steels specified for bolts, studs and nuts in pressure and high-temperature service.
A193 B7
ASTM A193 Grade B7 is a quenched and tempered chromium-molybdenum steel (AISI 4140 or 4142 type) for studs and bolts in high-pressure and high-temperature service, with a minimum tensile strength of 125 ksi up to 2½ in.
- USA
- Grade B7
- UK
- 42CrMo4
- EU
- 42CrMo4
- India
- 8.8 / 10.9 (property classes)
- Japan
- SNB7
A193 B16
ASTM A193 Grade B16 is a chromium-molybdenum-vanadium bolting steel for higher temperatures than B7.
- USA
- Grade B16
- UK
- 40CrMoV4-6
- EU
- 40CrMoV4-6
- Japan
- SNB16
A320 L7
ASTM A320 Grade L7 is a quenched and tempered chromium-molybdenum bolting steel, chemically like A193 B7, that must pass a Charpy impact test at −150 °F (−101 °C).
- USA
- Grade L7
- UK
- 42CrMo4 (+QT with impact at low temperature)
- EU
- 42CrMo4
- Japan
- SCM440
A193 B8 / B8M
ASTM A193 Grades B8 and B8M are austenitic stainless steel bolting made from AISI 304 (B8) and AISI 316 (B8M).
- USA
- Grade B8 (Class 1, 1A, 2)
- UK
- A2-70 / A4-70
- EU
- X5CrNi18-10 (1.4301) for B8; X5CrNiMo17-12-2 (1.4401) for B8M
- India
- Part 14 (A2 / A4 property classes)
- Japan
- A2-70 / A4-70
A194 2H
ASTM A194 Grade 2H is a medium-carbon steel nut, quenched and tempered to 24–35 HRC, made to pair with ASTM A193 B7 studs.
- USA
- Grade 2H
- UK
- Property class 10
- EU
- Property class 10
- India
- Property class 10
- Japan
- Property class 10